📝 Summary

At the University of Oxford, researchers have uncovered new stages of penicillin formation, employing cutting-edge ultrafast X-ray free-electron laser techniques for real-time observation. They documented the enzymatic action of isopenicillin N synthase, transforming a linear peptide into penicillin scaffolds. Key findings include a thioaldehyde intermediate and a monocyclic β-lactam, offering valuable insights for future antibiotic innovations and advancements in medical biology.

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